ESPE Abstracts

Background: Incidence of hypospadias varies considerably across countries, ranging from 4 to 43 cases per 10,000 births. Environmental factors might explain these differences. The classical approach is to use case-control studies to identify these factors. However, this approach suffers from the unavoidable arbitrariness of the definition of controls, and of recall bias.Objective and hypotheses: To identify environmental markers of the place of birth of ...